kingdom of burma

The Rakhine Kingdom, historically known as Arakan, lies in modern-day Myanmar. Alaungpaya was the founder of the Konbaung Dynasty. The country was under military rule under various guises from 1962 to 2010, and in the process has become one of the least developed nations in the world. The AFO was later renamed the Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League (AFPFL). [3] During the Iron Age, archaeological evidence also out of Samon Valley reveal changes in infant burial practices that were greatly influenced by India. By 1650, the three able kings–Nyaungyan, Anaukpetlun, and Thalun–had successfully rebuilt a smaller but far more manageable kingdom. At the first meeting, the AFO represented itself to the British as the provisional government of Burma with Thakin Soe as chairman and Aung San as a member of its ruling committee. [47] Although there had inevitably been some underground CPB presence as well as that of ethnic insurgent groups, there was no evidence of their being in charge to any extent. [36] The second university students strike in 1936 was triggered by the expulsion of Aung San and Ko Nu, leaders of the Rangoon University Students Union (RUSU), for refusing to reveal the name of the author who had written an article in their university magazine, making a scathing attack on one of the senior university officials. Burma acquired a border with British Bengal in 1785, when Burmese forces seized the coastal kingdom of Arakan. Founded in 1364, Kingdom of Ava (Inwa) was the successor state to earlier, even smaller kingdoms based in central Burma: Taungoo (1287–1318), Myinsaing–Pinya Kingdom (1297–1364), and Sagaing Kingdom (1315–64). Beginning in May 1974, a wave of strikes hit Rangoon and elsewhere in the country against a backdrop of corruption, inflation and food shortages, especially rice. The 2008 Burmese constitutional referendum was held on 10 May and promised a "discipline-flourishing democracy" for the country in the future. The earliest archaeological evidence suggests that cultures existed in Burma as early as 11,000 BCE. 2nd Ed. Burma fought four wars successfully against the Qing Dynasty of China until 1770, when King Hsinbyushin sued for peace with China and concluded a treaty in order to maintain … Ne Win had already succeeded in stripping the Shan Sawbwas of their feudal powers in exchange for comfortable pensions for life in 1959. Political Map of Burma (Myanmar) in 1530 CE at Tabinshwehti's accession. About The Film. By then, the Bamar leadership of the kingdom was unquestioned. Old city states gave way to a more unified administration, which reached it’s apogee during the reign of king Anawrahta (or Aniruddha) who successfully unified all of Burma by 1057. Considerable differences exist between the views of modern scholarship and various chronicle narratives. Another group, the Bamar people, entered the upper Irrawaddy valley in the early 9th century. While it was able to pull the Taungoo-ruled kingdom and peripheral Shan states (Kalay, Mohnyin, Mogaung, Hsipaw) into its fold at the peak of its power, it failed to reconquer the rest. Lord Mountbatten realised that this was an impossibility considering Aung San's popular appeal.[36]. In November 2006, the International Labour Organization (ILO) announced it will be seeking – at the International Court of Justice[48] – "to prosecute members of the ruling Myanmar junta for crimes against humanity" over the continuous forced labour of its citizens by the military. Burma was crushed for years by repaying a large indemnity of one million pounds (then US$5 million). The Mongols, who had conquered Yunnan, the former homeland of the Bamar, in 1253, began their invasion in 1277 in response to an embassy crisis, and in 1287 sacked Pagan, ending the Pagan Kingdom's 250-year rule of the Irrawaddy valley and its periphery when the Pagan king of that time abandoned his palace on the news of the Mongol march. In the second half of the 18th century, the Konbaung dynasty (1752–1885) restored the kingdom, and continued the Taungoo reforms that increased central rule in peripheral regions and produced one of the most literate states in Asia. [36], In September 1987, Burma's de facto ruler U Ne Win suddenly cancelled certain currency notes, which caused a great down-turn in the economy. Bronze-decorated coffins and burial sites filled with earthenware remains have been excavated. The military placed Aung San Suu Kyi under house arrest again in September 2000 until May 2002, when her travel restrictions outside of Rangoon were also lifted. Under a string of especially gifted monarchs, the kingdom enjoyed a long golden age, profiting from foreign commerce. [36] Burma generally strove to be impartial in world affairs, and was one of the first countries in the world to recognise Israel and the People's Republic of China. [55] It is estimated that more than 130,000 people died or went missing and damage totalled 10 billion US dollars; it was the worst natural disaster in Burmese history. The most important development was the introduction of Theravada Buddhism to Upper Burma after Pagan's conquest of the Thaton Kingdom in 1057. One faction was led by Thakins Nu and Tin, and the other was led by Ba Swe and Kyaw Nyein. In 849 they founded the cit… Mohnyin, in particular, constantly raided Ava's territory in the early 16th century. The Burmese language and culture came into its own between the last period of the Pagan Kingdom (Old Burmese starts in the XII° century) and the Ava period. Ethnologically it belongs to Indo-China. In 1599, the Arakanese forces aided by Portuguese mercenaries, and in alliance with the rebellious Taungoo forces, sacked Pegu. By 1767, the Konbaung armies had subdued much of Laos and defeated Siam. He ordered the first ever census in Burmese history in 1635, which showed that the kingdom had about two million people. [36], The military government announced a change of name for the country in English from Burma to Myanmar in 1989. [70], On February 1st, 2021, Myanmar's military, the Tatmadaw detained the state counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi and other government members. In November 2005, the military junta started moving the government away from Yangon to an unnamed location near Kyatpyay just outside Pyinmana, to a newly designated capital city. The original home of the Pyu is reconstructed to be Qinghai Lake in present-day Qinghai and Gansu. [23], The kingdom then went to war with the Ayutthaya Kingdom, which had occupied up the Tanintharyi coast to Mottama during the Burmese civil war (1740–1757), and had provided shelter to the Mon refugees. Until the founding of the Mrauk-U Kingdom in 1429, Arakan was often caught between bigger neighbours, and found itself a battlefield during the Forty Years' War between Ava and Pegu. The movement became known as Htaung thoun ya byei ayeidawbon (the '1300 Revolution' named after the Burmese calendar year),[36] and 20 December, the day the first martyr Aung Kyaw fell, commemorated by students as 'Bo Aung Kyaw Day'. Shortly after, rebellion broke out in the Arakan led by the veteran monk U Seinda, and it began to spread to other districts. It also benefited from external trade through its coastal ports. The Kingdom of Burma is a Kingdom ruled by the Konbaung Dynasty, it is neighbored by China to the North, Siam and Dainam to the east, the ocean and Indonesian islands to the south, and India and Roman India to the west. Konbaung kings tightened control in the low lands and reduced the hereditary privileges of Shan saophas (chiefs). [14], Over the next 30 years, Anawrahta founded the Pagan Kingdom, unifying for the first time the regions that would later constitute the modern-day Burma. The Shans, ethnic Tai peoples who came down with the Mongols, stayed and quickly came to dominate much of northern to eastern arc of Burma, from northwestern Sagaing Division to Kachin Hills to the present day Shan Hills. Burma accepted foreign assistance in rebuilding the country in these early years, but continued American support for the Chinese Nationalist military presence in Burma finally resulted in the country rejecting most foreign aid, refusing to join the South-East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), and supporting the Bandung Conference of 1955. The history of Myanmar (also known as Burma; Burmese: မြန်မာ့သမိုင်း) covers the period from the time of first-known human settlements 13,000 years ago to the present day. Konbaung officials, particularly after 1780, began commercial reforms that increased government income and rendered it more predictable. The armed forces, under the nominal command of General Saw Maung, staged a coup on 8 August to restore order. Portuguese mercenary Filipe de Brito e Nicote promptly rebelled against his Arakanese masters, and established Goa-backed Portuguese rule at Thanlyin in 1603. [13][16], By the early 12th century, Pagan had emerged as a major power alongside the Khmer Empire in Southeast Asia, recognised by Song China and the Chola dynasty of India. Its kings regularly faced rebellions in its vassal regions but were able to put them down until the 1480s. The Indians called it the Land of Gold. Than Shwe also finally allowed a National Convention to meet in January 1993, but insisted that the assembly preserve a major role for the military in any future government, and suspended the convention from time to time. [2] Archaeological evidence at Samon Valley south of Mandalay suggests rice growing settlements that traded with China between 500 BC and 200 CE. Taungoo had expanded its authority up to Pagan by 1544 but failed to conquer Arakan in 1545–47 and Siam in 1547–49. [66][67][68][69], At the general election on 8 November 2020 the National League for Democracy (NLD) won 396 out of 476 seats in parliament, an even larger margin of victory than in the 2015 election. [38][39], The surrender of the Japanese brought a military administration to Burma and demands to try Aung San for his involvement in a murder during military operations in 1942. Traditional Burmese society was drastically altered by the demise of the monarchy and the separation of religion and state. The Burman capital of Ava fell to the Mon in 1752 and nearly the whole Burma became under Mon rule then. In addition to firing live rounds, the police and military personnel also beat, arrested, used water cannon, and threw various objects such as marbles and stones at civilians.[75]. After the failure of the National Convention to create a new constitution, tensions between the government and the NLD mounted, resulting in two major crackdowns on the NLD in 1996 and 1997.

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