balkans definition world history

In the second half of the 5th- and first of the 6th century, new Germanic barbarian tribes entered the Balkans. Around 513 BC, as part of the military incursions ordered by Darius I, a huge Achaemenid army invaded the Balkans and tried to defeat the Western Scythians roaming to the north of the Danube river. In 46 AD, this territory was conquered by the Romans and annexed to Moesia. Also many large historical cities were devastated by the wars, for example Sarajevo, Dubrovnik, Zadar, Mostar, Šibenik and others. In the next couple of months the two armies fought large battles at Drina (September 6 to November 11) and at Kolubara from November 16 to December 15. Much of its best food was smuggled out to feed lucrative black markets elsewhere. Venice seized a number of locations on the eastern shores of the Adriatic sea before 1200, partly for purely commercial reasons, but also because pirates based there were a menace to its trade. Serbia was elevated to a kingdom in 1217, and. 109, 219. The Illyrian tribes were situated in the area corresponding to today's Adriatic coast. The peninsula, at the crossroads of European and Asian civilizations, has a long history; Ancient Greece, the … Austria took over Bosnia and Herzegovina, and effectively took control of the Sanjak of Novi Pazar. For instance, Megabazus' own son, Bubares, married Amyntas' daughter, Gygaea; and that supposedly ensured good relations between the Macedonian and Achaemenid rulers. The Dayton Accords ended the war in Bosnia, fixating the borders between the warring parties roughly to the ones established by the autumn of 1995. Before the war, JNA had started accepting volunteers driven by ideology of Serbian nationalists keen to realise their nationalist goals.[46]. Croat-nationalist, Ante Pavelić was appointed leader. 163–191. Its expert military and diplomatic power ensured inadvertently that Western Europe remained safe from many of the more devastating invasions from eastern peoples, at a time when the still new and fragile Western Christian kingdoms might have had difficulty containing it. Macedonia, and East and Western Thrace were returned outright to the Turks, who promised reform and Northern Dobrudja became part of Romania, which achieved full independence but had to turn over part of Bessarabia to Russia. "’Balkan mentality’: history, legend, imagination", in: Nations and Nationalism, 2 (2), pp. [45] In Croatia and Slovenia, multi-party elections produced nationally inclined leadership that followed in the footsteps of their previous Communist predecessors and oriented itself towards capitalism and secession. If the Balkans had value, it was geographical and g… The Magyars, led by Árpád, were the leading clan in a ten tribe confederacy. In literature, these Romance-speakers are known as "Vlachs". At ca. The Ottoman Empire, called at the time the "sick man of Europe," was humiliated and significantly weakened, rendering it more liable to domestic unrest and more vulnerable to attack. The late 1980s and the early 1990s brought the collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe. Austro-Hungarian planning for operations against Serbia was not extensive and they ran into many logistical difficulties in mobilizing the army and beginning operations against the Serbs. People across the area suffered serious economic dislocation, and the mass mobilization resulted in severe casualties, particularly in Serbia where over 1.5 million Serbs died, which was approx. Elian, Alexandru and Tanasoca, Nicolae-Serban (1975). (See: Schlieffen Plan) Poor communication between the two governments led to this catastrophic oversight. Venice subsequently carved out a sphere of influence in the Aegean known as the Duchy of the Archipelago, and also gained control of the island of Crete. Bulgaria was ill-prepared for a long war; absence of so many soldiers sharply reduced agricultural output. During this time, the Balkans, especially Illyricum, grew to greater importance. The Uprising of Asen and Peter was a revolt of Bulgarians and Vlachs[26][27] living in Moesia and the Balkan Mountains, then the theme of Paristrion of the Byzantine Empire, caused by a tax increase. With help from Italy, they succeeded in conquering Yugoslavia within two weeks. By 1900 nation states had formed in Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro and Serbia. Bracewell, Wendy, and Alex Drace-Francis, eds. The Serbians were set up in defensive positions against the Austro-Hungarians. The term "Balkan" itself comes from Turkish "Balkan", meaning "chain of wooded mountains". Learn more. The Greek Civil War was fought between 1944 and 1949 in Greece between the armed forces of the Greek government, supported at first by Britain and later by the United States, against the forces of the wartime resistance against the German occupation, whose leadership was controlled by the Communist Party of Greece. Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. In 180 BC, the Dalmatians declared themselves independent of the Illyrian king Gentius, who kept his capital at Scodra. He spread Christianity to the Greeks at Beroia, Thessaloniki, Athens, Corinth and Dyrrachium. Venice became a fully imperial power following the Venetian-financed Fourth Crusade, which in 1203 captured and in 1204 sacked and conquered Constantinople, dividing the Byzantine Empire into several smaller states and established the Latin Empire. Because it was a conflict fueled by ethnic nationalism, people of minority ethnicities generally fled towards regions where their ethnicity was in a majority. The Austrians had not achieved their main goal of eliminating Serbia. "[14] Macedonian soldiers fought against Athens and Sparta in Xerxes' army. Interpretations and Research Debates. There they encountered a predominantly Slavic populace and Avar remnants. However, the Roman influence failed to dissolve Greek culture, which maintained a predominant status in the Eastern half of the Empire, and continued to be strong in the southern half of the Balkans. What Is The Difference Between “It’s” And “Its”? Though the situation had stabilized temporarily by the time of Constantine, waves of non-Roman peoples, most prominently the Thervings, Greuthungs and Huns, began to cross into the territory, first (in the case of the Thervingi) as refugees with imperial permission to take shelter from their foes the Huns, then later as invaders. The only non-communist countries were Greece and Turkey, which were (and still are) part of NATO. In less-developed areas World War I was felt in different ways: requisitioning of draft animals, for example, caused severe problems in villages that were already suffering from the enlistment of young men, and many recently created trade connections were ruined. The rise of Nationalism under the Ottoman Empire caused the breakdown of millet concept. One part of them — under the leadership of Asparuh — headed southwest and settled in the 670s in present-day Bessarabia. By the end of the 3rd century BC, an Illyrian kingdom based in Scodra controlled parts of northern Albania, and littoral Montenegro. [9] Some artificats, excavated at Sindos and Vergina maybe be considered as influenced by Asian practices, or even imported from Persia in the late sixth and early fifth centuries.[9]. The Nazis effectively created the Handschar division and collaborated with Ustaše in order to combat the Yugoslav Partisans. By 1918 the soldiers were not only short of basic equipment like boots but they were being fed mostly corn bread with a little meat. The Balkans: A Short History (Modern Library Chronicles Series Book 3) - Kindle edition by Mazower, Mark. Early Byzantine missionary work spread Orthodox Christianity to various Slavic peoples, amongst whom it still is a predominant religion. The former Yugoslavia was a Socialist state created after German occupation in World War II and a bitter civil war. Even the geographic extent of the "Balkan" region is a matter of controversy. Bismarck became the target of hatred of Russian nationalists and Pan-Slavists, and found that he had tied Germany too closely to Austria in the Balkans.[35]. American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. These three major tribal groups spoke Paleo-Balkan languages, Indo-European languages. After the fall of Sarajevo on 16 April 1941 to Nazi Germany, the Yugoslav provinces of Croatia, Bosnia, and Herzegovina were recreated as fascist satellite states, Nezavisna Država Hrvatska (NDH, the Independent State of Croatia). It lay between the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian empires. During most of its history it controlled provinces in the Balkans and Asia Minor. They then migrated further west around 400AD, settling in the Don-Dnieper area. Turning on their hosts after decades of servitude and simmering hostility, Thervingi under Fritigern and later Visigoths under Alaric I eventually conquered and laid waste[citation needed] the entire Balkan region before moving westward to invade Italy itself. Leadership, organization, and history. Many members of the Austro-Hungarian government, such as Conrad von Hötzendorf had hoped to provoke a war with Serbia for several years. They were neighboured by the Bulgars and Alans. There were other, less significant catalysts for the Schism, including variance over liturgical practices and conflicting claims of jurisdiction. Definitions and boundaries. Its northern boundary is often given as the Danube, Sava and Kupa Rivers. Croatia's former president Franjo Tuđman and Bosnia's Alija Izetbegović died before any alleged accusations were leveled at them at the ICTY. On January 7–9, 1945, Yugoslav authorities killed several hundred of declared Bulgarians in Macedonia as collaborators, in an event known as the "Bloody Christmas". The Official definition of the Balkan region • The term "The Balkans" covers not only those countries which lie within the boundaries of the "Balkan Peninsula", but may also include Slovenia, and Romania. In the late 6th century BC, the Persians invaded the Balkans, and then proceed to the fertile areas of Europe. The Serb army, which was coming up from the south of the country, met the Austrian army at the Battle of Cer beginning on August 12, 1914. Antagonism between the communist state and the Bulgarian Orthodox Church eased somewhat after Todor Zhivkov became Bulgarian Communist Party leader in 1956 for "its historic role in helping preserve Bulgarian nationalism and culture".[44]:66. Look it up now! [9], Following the Ionian Revolt the Persian authority in the Balkans was restored by Mardonius in 492,[9] which not only included the re-subjugation of Thrace, but also the full subordinate inclusion of Macedon into the Persian Empire. Austria-Hungary, although not a combatant, was weakened as a much enlarged Serbia pushed for union of the South Slavic peoples. Parts of the Balkans and more northern areas were ruled by the Achaemenid Persians for some time, including Thrace, Paeonia, Macedon, and most Black Sea coastal regions of Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, and Russia. Many rulers built their residences in the region.[15]. Most still remained subjects of the Roman Empire. However, their armies did not move from front until near end of the war, when they marched up north to free territories under rule of Central Powers. The Republic of Ragusa paid an annual tribute but otherwise was free to pursue its rivalry with the Republic of Venice. The lion had left this region, but lingered on in the Balkans down to historic times. A massive and systematic deportation[citation needed] of ethnic Albanians took place during the Kosovo War of 1999, with over one million Albanians (out of a population of about 1.8 million) forced to flee Kosovo. With the end of the war, the changes of the ethnic composition reverted to their original conditions and the settlers returned to their homelands, mainly the ones settled in Greece. Byzantium played an important role in the transmission of classical knowledge to the Islamic world and to Renaissance Italy. The Ottoman Empire collected taxes at about the 10% rate but there was no forced labor and the workers and peasants were not especially oppressed by the Empire. The Congress of Berlin (13 June – 13 July 1878) was a meeting of the leading statesmen of Europe's Great Powers and the Ottoman Empire. Kitromilides, Paschalis M. 1996. In Serbia and Montenegro, there were efforts of different factions of the old party elite to retain power under new conditions along, and an attempt to create Greater Serbia by keeping all Serbs in one state. Most serious (and real) cause of course, was the competition for power between the old and the new capitals of the Roman Empire (Rome and Constantinople). Jewish communities were also spread through the Balkans at this time, while the Jews were primarily Romaniotes. Ignore the clumsy comparisons of the Syria War and the Balkans War. ", Uzelac, Aleksandar. Christianity first came to the area when Saint Paul and some of his followers traveled in the Balkans passing through Thracian, Illyrian and Greek populated areas. The Balkans referred to a cluster of nations in Eastern Europe. As a result, the balance of power, economic relations, and ethnic divisions were completely altered. It is sandwiched between four major seas: the Black Sea, the Mediterranean, the Adriatic and the Aegean. They learned the art of horseback warfare from Turkic people. This marked the first Allied victory of the war. [38] Following the assassination, Austria-Hungary sent Serbia an ultimatum in July 1914 with several provisions largely designed to prevent Serbian compliance. There is not universal agreement on the region’s components. Troops mutinied and peasants revolted, demanding peace. Although Russia had been victorious in the war that caused the conference, it was humiliated at Berlin, and resented its treatment. In 1914 Bulgaria stayed neutral. After the disintegration of the Hunnic Empire the Bulgars dispersed mostly to eastern Europe. The Ottoman Empire was religiously, linguistically and ethnically diverse, and, at times, a much more tolerant place for religious practices when compared to other parts of the world. For example: in Bulgaria, beginning in 1984, the Communist government led by Todor Zhivkov began implementing a policy of forced assimilation of the ethnic Turkish minority. On October 17, 2007 Croatia became a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council for the 2008–2009 term, while Bosnia and Herzegovina became a non-permanent member for the 2010–2011 period. Achaemenid Persian Empire (6th to 5th century BC), Pre-Roman states (4th to 1st centuries BC). The Emperor Justinian I's formation of a new code of law, the Corpus Juris Civilis, served as a basis of subsequent development of legal codes. The Allied offensive in September 1918, which failed in 1916 & 1917 was successful at Dobro Pole. The Romans defeated Gentius, the last king of Illyria, at Scodra in 168 BC[citation needed] and captured him, bringing him to Rome in 165 BC. Which of the following nations was not a participant in the Crimean War? Armed Forces & Military Branches History. Germany increasingly was in control, and Bulgarian relations with its ally the Ottoman Empire soured. The collapse of the Yugoslav federation was due to various factors in various republics that composed it. Among the Orthodox Christians of the empire (the Rum Millet) a common identity was forged based on a shared sense of time defined by the ecclesiastical calendar, saint's days and feasts. 1000 BC,[3] Illyrian tribes appear in Albania and all the way aside Adriatic Sea in what is modern day Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, parts of Serbia, etc. [43] The Visigoths subsequently sacked Rome in 410, and in an attempt to deal with them, they were granted lands in France. [36] The war set the stage for the Balkan crisis of 1914 and thus was a "prelude to the First World War."[37]. The Huns are supposed to have triggered the great German migrations into western Europe. Greece has been a member of the European Union since 1981. In Albania, Bulgaria and Romania the changes in political and economic system were accompanied by a period of political and economic instability and tragic events. The first attack came on August 16, between parts of the 21st Austro-Hungarian division and parts of the Serbian Combined division. Weakened by constant warfare with Bulgaria and the unconquered sections of the empire, the Latin Empire eventually fell when Byzantines recaptured Constantinople under Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos in 1261. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Balkans synonyms, Balkans pronunciation, Balkans translation, English dictionary definition of Balkans. During these "Dark Ages", Eastern Europe, like Western Europe, regressed culturally and economically, although enclaves of prosperity and culture persisted along the coastal towns of the Adriatic and the major Greek cities in the south. Richard C. Hall, "Bulgaria in the First World War,", Russia's decisive victory in a war with Turkey, 1877–78, International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire, independence referendum held on 21 May 2006, the referendum endorsing independence from Yugoslavia, Architecture of the Tarnovo Artistic School, Historical regions of the Balkan Peninsula, Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire, Mapping the Jewish communities of the Byzantine Empire, The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, History of the Byzantine Empire, 324-1453, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Black-Hand-secret-Serbian-society, "Prilog proučavanju djelovanja Ivana Meštrovića u Jugoslavenskom odboru", "Secondary Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century", Ethnic Cleansing and the Normative Transformation of International Society, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Balkans&oldid=1007963142, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2007, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2007, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016, Articles containing Venetian-language text, Articles containing Macedonian-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, In the interwar period, almost 1.5 million Greeks were removed from Turkey; almost 700,000 Turks removed from Greece, Albania: The proto Albanians were likely a conglomerate of Illyrian tribes that resisted assimilation with latter waves of migrations into the Balkans. The Thracian Odrysian empire - the Odrysian kingdom, was the most important Daco-Thracian state union, and probably was founded in the 470s BC, after the Persian defeat in Greece,[7] had its capital at Seuthopolis, near Kazanlak, Stara Zagora Province, in central Bulgaria. In harsh night-time fighting, the battle ebbed and flowed, until the Serbian line was rallied under the leadership of Stepa Stepanovic. In time, Bosnia became separated under its own ruler. Serbia and Montenegro finally gained complete independence, but with smaller territories. The Balkan Peninsula is bounded by the Adriatic Sea to the west, the Mediterranean Sea (including the Ionian and Aegean seas) and the Marmara Sea to the south and the Black Sea to the east. World History B. Bulgaria dominated the Balkans for the next four centuries and was instrumental in the adoption of Christianity in the region and among other Slavs. Throughout its history, its borders were ever fluctuating, often involved in multi-sided conflicts with not only the Arabs, Persians and Turks of the east, but also with its Christian neighbours- the Bulgarians, Serbs, Normans and the Crusaders, which all at one time or another conquered large amounts of its territory. Ethnic Turks were required to change their names to Bulgarian equivalents, or to leave the country. They entered Europe in the 10th century AD, settling in Pannonia. After suffering a defeat at the hands of Bulgars and Slavs, the Byzantine Empire recognised the sovereignty of Asparuh's Khanate in a subsequent treaty signed in 681 AD. By the end of the 4th century BC Greek language and culture were dominant not only in the Balkans but also around the whole Eastern Mediterranean. 2011, David Christian-A history of Russia, Central Asia, and Mongolia, p.280. [23] As the Byzantine Empire withdrew its borders more and more, in an attempt to consolidate its waning power, vast areas were de-urbanised, roads abandoned and native populations may have withdrawn to isolated areas such as mountains and forests.[23]. By the end, the empire consisted of nothing but Constantinople and small holdings in mainland Greece, with all other territories in both the Balkans and Asia Minor gone. Under Queen Teuta, Illyrians attacked Roman merchant vessels plying the Adriatic Sea and gave Rome an excuse to invade the Balkans. Don't get me wrong, if I was be from the Balkans I would be proud, but I'm not. The Balkans is a large peninsula in south-eastern European. [2][3] In Antiquity (and until the Ottoman conquest), the region was referred to in Greek and Roman sources as the "Peninsula of Haemus". The Doge since that time bore the titles of Duke of Dalmatia and Duke of Istria. [25] Romance-speaking populations survived on the Adriatic, and the Albanians are believed by some to be descending from partially Romanized Illyrians. The Edict of Serdica, also called Edict of Toleration by Emperor Galerius,[16][17][18] was issued in 311 in Serdica (today Sofia, Bulgaria) by the Roman emperor Galerius, officially ending the Diocletianic persecution of Christianity in the East. Bulgaria, without being admitted to the Congress, lost more than 70% of its territory, and over 50% of its ethnic population remained outside its borders—which caused a number of uprisings and brought the country into subsequent Balkan wars. After seven months of hard fighting, with some of the first Allied victories and the Italians losing nearly one third of Albania, Germany intervened to save its ally. [39] From this plan, a new kingdom eventually was born: The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians. The Bulgars, Turkic people of Central Asia, first appeared in a wave commenced with the arrival of Asparuh's Bulgars. The Ten-Day War in Slovenia in June 1991 was short and with few casualties. All rights reserved. This peninsula hosts a cluster of nations and provinces, including Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, Macedonia and Bosnia. 70 years in a Balkan country and you're doomed forever. In 1949, the partisans were defeated by the government forces. The Congress of Berlin returned to the Ottoman Empire territories that the previous treaty had given to the Principality of Bulgaria, most notably Macedonia, thus setting up a strong revanchist demand in Bulgaria that in 1912 was one of many causes of the First Balkan War. In 1915 joining the Central Powers seemed the best route. The congress was aimed at the revision of the Treaty of San Stefano and at keeping Constantinople in Ottoman hands. Major mountain range of the Balkan Peninsula, extending from the eastern portion of the former Yugoslavia through central Bulgaria to the Black Sea. Edoardo Corradi, Rethinking Islamized Balkans, Balkan Social Science Review, vol. The same year is usually regarded as the year of the establishment of Bulgaria (see History of Bulgaria). By the end of the Empire the region had become a conduit for invaders to move westward, as well as the scene of treaties and complex political maneuvers by Romans, Goths and Huns, all seeking the best advantage for their peoples amid the shifting and disorderly final decades of Roman imperial power. Then demanded Greece to surrender in October 1940. The Balkan Peninsula. The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition They continuously raided the Balkans, contributing to the general decline of the area that had begun centuries earlier. [5][6] However, the outcome of the Greco-Persian Wars resulted in the Achaemenids being forced to withdraw from most of their European territories. The Byzantine Empire was the Greek-speaking, Eastern Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered at its capital in Constantinople. Starting in the 2nd century BC the rising Roman Republic began annexing the Balkan area, transforming it into one of the Empire's most prosperous and stable regions. With 189 member countries, staff from more than 170 countries, and offices in over 130 locations, the World Bank Group is a unique global partnership: five institutions working for sustainable solutions that reduce poverty and build shared prosperity in developing countries. However, the Croatian War of Independence in the latter half of 1991 brought many casualties and much damage on Croatian towns. Venice's long decline started in the 15th century, when it first made an unsuccessful attempt to hold Thessalonica against the Ottomans (1423–1430). It began on 26 October 1185, the feast day of St. Demetrius of Thessaloniki, and ended with the restoration of Bulgaria with the creation of the Second Bulgarian Empire, ruled by the Asen dynasty. When the U.S. did intervene militarily, such as in the Balkans, air power was the only real approach considered palatable. The Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian for a time retook and restored much of the territory once held by the unified Roman Empire, from Spain and Italy, to Anatolia. Bosnia and Herzegovina was split between the conflicting interests of its Serbs, Croats, and Bosniaks, while Macedonia mostly tried to steer away from conflicting situations. [9][10][11] Eventually, in about 512–511 BC, the Macedonian king Amyntas I accepted the Achaemenid domination and surrendered his country as a vassal state to the Achaemenid Persia. Use features like bookmarks, note taking and highlighting while reading The Balkans: A Short History (Modern Library Chronicles Series Book 3). [5][9] Darius's highly regarded commander Megabazus was responsible to fulfill the conquers in the Balkans. [34], The results were at first hailed as a great achievement in peacemaking and stabilization. ¼ of the total population and over half of the male population. In the autumn, with many Austro-Hungarians tied up in heavy fighting with Serbia, Russia was able to make huge inroads into Austria-Hungary capturing Galicia and destroying much of the Empire's fighting ability. After the Western Roman Empire's collapse the territory of what is today, Bosnia and Herzegovina: The territory was divided between Croatia and Serbia in the Early Middle Ages. The peoples of the Balkan Peninsula make up several racial groups. To this day, the Roman legacy is clearly visible in the numerous monuments and artifacts scattered throughout the Balkans, and most importantly in the Latin-based languages used by almost 25 million people in the area (the Balkan Romance languages). Serbia, Bulgaria, and Greece made gains, but far less than they thought they deserved. German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, who led the Congress, undertook to adjust boundaries to minimize the risks of major war, while recognizing the reduced power of the Ottoman Empire, and balance the distinct interests of the great powers. In the languages of the region, the peninsula is known as… Bardylis, a Dardanian chieftain, created a kingdom which turned Illyria into a formidable local power in the 4th century BC. [20][21] In a sense of a Greek-influenced "Byzantine commonwealth", the Greek Christian culture and also the Romaniote culture have influenced the emerging cultures both the Christian and the Jewish cultures of the Balkans and of Eastern Europe.[22]. In this ethnically diverse closing area of the Roman Empire, Vlachs were recognized as those who spoke Latin, the official language of the Byzantine Empire used only in official documents, until the 6th century when it was changed to the more popular Greek. A number of commanders and politicians, notably Serbia's former president Slobodan Milošević, were put on trial by the United Nations' International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia for a variety of war crimes—including deportations and genocide that took place in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo. Anna Comnene relates in Alexiade about Dacians (instead of Vlachs) from Balkans and from the North side of Danube and they were identified as Romanians. The Sultan favoured and protected the Orthodox clergy, primarily as a protection against the missionary zeal of Roman Catholics.[33]. Nationalism in World War I: In the years leading up to WWI, many European leaders called the Balkans the ''powder keg of Europe.'' It had few natural resources so was not considered an economic prize. The conclusion was reached in 1453, when the city was successfully besieged by Mehmet II, bringing the Second Rome to an end. Greece is also an official member of the Eurozone, and the Western European Union. After their unsuccessful siege on Constantinople in 626, they limited themselves to Central Europe. In the wake of the Russia's decisive victory in a war with Turkey, 1877–78, the urgent need was to stabilize and reorganize the Balkans, and set up new nations. One difficulty for the Austro-Hungarians was that they had to divert many divisions north to counter advancing Russian armies. Its goal was the creation of a Communist Northern Greece. Despite Greek resistance, the Germans took advantage of the Greek army's presence in Albania against the Italians to advance in Northern Greece and consequently conquer the entire country within 3 weeks, with the exception of Crete.

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