captivated by you

Instead of puffing up, regal horned lizards roll over. The blood is most effective when delivered directly into the mouth, rather than the eyes or nose. I'm trying to get an idea of what's going on in the lizard's brain. he asks. It is the smallest of the horned lizards, rarely exceeding 6 cm from its snout to vent. Finally, there is horned lizards' best-known defence: blood squirting. A yearling is about the weight of a dime. They carefully consider what is attacking, and what the appropriate defence might be. It has. "She was the perfect dog," says Sherbrooke. If Available at: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1643/CH-03-157R1, Sherbrooke, W. (2000). They have to be, since so many things try to eat them. The lizard also splays its short legs out stiffly at its sides, like a wrestler struggling not to be turned over. But in order to save the lizards life, the blood had to make direct contact with the predators mouth. Sensory Modality Used By Coyotes In Responding To Antipredator Compounds In The Blood Of Texas Horned Lizards. Instead of being sleek like an iguana, horned lizards are built for defence. Finally, the horned lizard is renowned for its ability to shoot a stream of blood from its eye (actually, its eyelid). This does have a downside, though: they even need a defence against their own food. They match their colours to their background, blending in against brown scrubby brush or the mottled greys of mud. If this fails, they puff up their bodies to cause them to appear more horned and larger, so that they are more difficult to s However, rattlesnakes don't chase. The ability to squirt blood from the eyes turns out to be an aftermarket hack onto a feature that comes standard in reptiles. When a horned lizard feels threatened by a predator, its final defense response is to shoot blood from these flooded sinuses and out its eye sockets. They wait for prey to come to them before biting, injecting venom and swallowing. The blood flow schematics in this article were created by me, using a sketch of P. orbiculare provided by Biodiversity Heritage Library under a CC BY 2.0 license. They have wide, flat bodies, like spiky satellite dishes, and short stumpy legs. The coyote steps back, shaking its head from side to side in disgust. That is, unless you can do better than shooting blood In response they have evolved an arsenal of defences. And the horned lizard gets away. Like a college student on their first tequila hangover, it probably swears off horned lizard snacks for life. The canine will drop a horned lizard after being squirted and attempt to wipe or shake the blood out of its mouth, A Texas horned lizard or Alberta's short-horned lizard will tip up on its front legs, fan out its ribs to form a dorsal shield, or puff up its torso to make itself as big as possible. Colorado Parks & Wildlife, Denver, Colorado. Canids are not averse to blood, but they dislike horned lizard blood, even though it is not poisonous. Large mammals, like coyotes, kit foxes, and bobcats, present a different set of problems from the rest. To the disappointment of kids who want to see them squirt blood, horned lizards rarely squirt at humans. Sure, blood would also be spilled after the predator started chewing, but who can survive that? "They all stick to this basic program of being short, tubby, spiky, and hard to find," says Powell. Within a minute of Dusty barking, each lizard squirted her. Herpetological Review 31(4), 243. He never detected anything more than a mild acrid aftertaste. "They have an almost violent reaction," Sherbrooke says. He thinks they are advertising their size and spininess. 2003), but adults of this species are much smaller than Greater Short-horned Lizards, the small horns on the back of the head project almost vertically rather than horizontally, and they Their response is so specific that attempts to study blood squirting were foiled for decades, until researchers trained a dog to paw at and gently nibble the creatures. Researchers suspect that the compound in their blood that causes the icky icky ew face in canines and felines is a result of their diet. The coyote steps back, shaking its head from side to side in disgust. It can also inflate itself to a larger apparent size. The horned lizard defense flow chart uses the following images of their predators:Chihuahuan grasshopper mouse by American Society of Mammalogists (CC BY 2.0)Rattlesnake by Ann W (CC BY 2.0)Sonoran Coachwhip snake by Andrew DuBois (CC BY-NC 2.0)Roadrunner by Teddy Llovet (CC BY 2.0)Coyote by Larry Lamsa (CC BY 2.0). Unfortunately this strategy does not work well on the flying threats. Mathies, T., and D. J. Martin. The compound already in the lizards blood was just the right shape to match a chemical receptor in the coyotes mouth. "When they run, they give it their best, but they're just not built for speed.". When a predator approaches, the lizards are reluctant to move. 7. Well, they dothis: To be fair, they dont pull that trick out right away, or for just anyone. Antipredator Responses by Texas Horned Lizards to TwoSnake Taxa with Different Foraging and Subjugation Strategies. There are 17 known species of horned lizard, all in the genus Phrynosoma. On a good day, Powell is lucky to find three. Horned lizards took this system one step further instead of building up a little pressure in the eye, they build up enough pressure to burst through the wall of their sinuses and force blood through their tear ducts to be propelled up to 6 feet away. Journal of Herpetology, [online] 42(1), 145-152. Most are about the size of a pack of playing cards. Pages 35-37 in Colorado Outdoors. Horned lizards have evolved a unique arsenal of defences, which they use selectively to drive off the many predators that attack them. Available at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/511. In the Grand Canyon, short-horned lizards hibernate in burrows during the winter. Canids such as dogs use teeth and claws to tear their prey into bite-size pieces. This might explain why horned lizards often wait until the last second, when they are already in their attacker's jaws, before squirting. They do this by forcing the blood pressure within the sinus orbitalis to increase, causing the blood vessel to rupture and forcing a passage to be If you catch one, it will sit demurely in your palm. The blood squirt is far from their only trick. Often, they can be found sitting in the vicinity of a nest or trails. Short-horned Lizards will shoot blood from their eyes when threatened by a predator. Short-horned lizards are small to medium-sized lizards that are usually 1.3 to 2.5 inches long. They were introduced to European audiences in 1651 through the writing of a Spaniard, Francisco Hernandez. This isnt a problem if youre one temperature all over like us, but for a basking lizard, it means the warmer blood flowing out of the head is pressed right up against to the cooler blood flowing into the head. Texas Horned Lizards have some amazing defenses! The portly horned lizard cannot outrun one, so it opts for camouflage and keeping still. "If you're going to be stocky you can't run fast," says Powell. Copeia,1992(2), 519-527. With a sudden surge of pressure, blood forcefully squirts out in a stream that can travel up to 6ft (2m). If the lizards squirt too soon, the blood might land on the ground, or their fur, and have no effect. Its horny appearance and coloration helps it to blend into sparse vegetation. Of course, sometimes camouflage, armour and squirting blood aren't enough, and a horned lizard gets eaten anyway. (Read about an overachieving lizard that grew three tails.) The desert horned lizard has a stomach that makes up 13% of its mass: akin to a 150-pound person with an almost 20-pound stomach. Lizards that bled from the eye had a higher survival rate, and the ones that bled more had a higher survival rate still. Reptiles outside of the horned lizards genus do occasionally leak blood from their eyes in moments of acute stress. They defend themselves from certain predators by shooting jets of blood from their eyes. So, we dont know what you do when you feel threatened, but we are willing to bet that however horribly you react, the greater short-horned lizard still wins. A whip snake trying to get its mouth around a Texas horned lizard may well give up, because it just can't fit the whole thing in. Almost everything will try to eat horned lizards, from coyotes to carnivorous mice. Some species of short-horned lizards squirt blood from their eyes when they feel threatened. A stream of nasty-tasting blood squirts from the lizard's eyes, straight into the coyote's mouth. So when a horned lizard encounters a rattlesnake, it runs for its life, safe in the knowledge that the snake will probably not follow. They are prey for hawks, shrikes, roadrunners, snakes, coyotes, foxes, wolves, bobcats and even carnivorous grasshopper mice. It takes about 15 minutes to recover. "I'm trying to get an idea of what's going on in the lizard's brain, how it's categorizing the world out there that it has to deal with," says Sherbrooke. Most of them seem to be capable of squirting blood. (Image credit: NPS) Another common feature of horned lizards are their body spines. "If you eat ants, it's like living on M&Ms," says Powell. First they try an airborne method of escape: they lift their tail in the air to entice the predator to attack there, instead of the head. According to the map, the range for the greater short-horned lizard is by far the largest, running from southern Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada, through Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and into parts of Mexico. The Blood-squirting Short-horned Lizard. If they do get spotted, they have an impressive toolbox of defense mechanisms and a knack for identifying the right tool for the job. "If you can't run fast, you're going to rely on camouflage or horns, and you end up with all these defensive behaviours.". Horned lizards use a variety of means to avoid predation. One unusual defense mechanism involves the flooding of their ocular sinuses, tissues found below their eye, with blood. It is often referred to It's sort of like a person wearing a fat suit. A lot of the time, the predator simply cant find it again. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286024808, Sherbrooke, W., & Mason, J. The main highways for bringing blood in and out of the head run alongside one another, for the same reason we build our roads that way if youre going to carve out a path, you might as well use it to travel both directions. If approached too closely, they generally run in short bursts and stop abruptly to confuse the predator's visual acuity. Whip snakes are lightning fast, and actively hunt their prey. It all seems to come down to the predator's attack style. To make up for it, a horned lizard has to eat a lot of ants, and to do that it needs a big stomach. But even then they sometimes manage one last act of defiance: it's not unheard-of for a horned lizard to become lodged in the throat or stomach of a bird or snake, killing its attacker. They rely extensively on camouflageto avoid predators. A horned lizard sits motionless in the desert sun, eyeing a young coyote skulking nearby. The greater short-horned lizard is found in south-eastern Alberta and Saskatchewan can shoot blood from its eyes. Snakes, and some birds such as roadrunners, need to swallow their prey whole. Horny toads like to eat ants and beetles. The top of their body has dark blotches amidst brown, tan, Their coloration generally serves as camouflage. When threatened, their first defense is to remain still to avoid detection. Actually, anything that can find one would eat it. Greater Short Horned Lizard Shooting Blood Greater Short Horned Lizard Greater-short Horned Lizard Images Greater-short Horned Lizard Images Greater-short Horned Lizards Images of Greater Short Horned Lizard Published on December 8th 2017 by staff under Lizards. It has to be the right kind of harassment though, from a coyote, bobcat or your friendly neighborhood dog. Horned lizards, as it turns out, specialize in eating harvester antsa species of insect that few others dare to eat due to their potent venom. Then it gingerly nibbles and immediately regrets it. Sherbrooke set Texas horned lizards in cages, and pitted them against whip snakes and rattlesnakes to see if the lizards could tell the difference. The predator pounces and holds the lizard down. Jet coppulating on hat. In fact, they wont even fall for a human pretending to be a dog (yes, the same research team that licked the blood got on all fours to paw and bark at themscience is serious business, yall). (Parks Canada/Lynch W.) If you eat ants, it's like living on M&Ms. At least four species of horned lizards (but not all species), coronatum, cornutum, orbiculare and solare, squirt blood from their eyes when attacked, especially by canine predators such as foxes and coyotes. Physiological Zoology,39(1), 30-35. According to research, short-horned lizards reduce blood flow out of a head, and blood pressure rises up to such an extent that small blood vessels in an eye burst. If youve ever been so angry you saw red, stand back, because the phrase blood in your eye gets taken to a whole new level by the horned lizard. Theyre locked and loaded. Besides confusing the predator the blood contains a chemical that is noxious for dogs, coyotes and wolves. watching horned lizard defenses in action, how horned lizards eat such venomous ants, http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1643/CH-03-157R1, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305612339, http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1670/07-072R1.1, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286024808, http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/511, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Available at: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1670/07-072R1.1, Sherbrooke, W. (2012). Although it only tastes a little acrid to us (yes, the researchers licked it all in the name of science, you understand), canine and feline predators have an extremely negative response to the taste. Reptiles developed rings of muscle around the main veins exiting the head in order to pinch off the blood flow and force it down a side street where heat-thieving arteries arent an issue. They gape their jaws, opening and closing their mouths repeatedly (which is super convenient for escaping prey), start drooling heavily, and wipe their muzzles in the grass; for the next 15 minutes, theyre focused on little else but getting this stuff out of their mouths. The lizards' ant-based diet might be what drove them to evolve so many defences. Sceloporus jarrovi (Yarrows Spiny Lizard). The Texas Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma cornutom Phrynosoma Toad Body, cornutom Horned) is a type of horned lizard that is commonly known for its weird, but most amazing adaptation. Thats a slippery slope to projectile eye blood, my friends. Their body is round, flattened, spiky, and surrounded by numerous pointy scales along the sides. Horned lizards mostly live in dry places: from Guatemala and Mexico, through the deserts of Arizona and California, to the dry prairies of southern Canada. Venous Shunts in the Cephalic Sinuses of Horned Lizards. Pruss says the lizard isn't likely to do it if approached by a human, though the one she saw did have a bit of blood dripping from its eyes. They can shoot this blood up to three feet (one meter) to startle and confuse predators. The spines on its back and sides are made from modified scales, whereas the horns on the heads are true horns with a bony core. They give birth to the young live. They are diurnal creatures being most active during the evening and burrowing at night. More information: Horny Toads - Adopt-A-Farmer Project. "If you're small, you get eaten by a lot of things," he says, so appearing bigger and spikier might be useful if your adversary is trying to swallow you whole. If the lizard does get caught, all is not lost. Read about our approach to external linking. These include their natural ability to camouflage, inflating themselves and shooting blood from their eyes. In other words, the horned lizard has to think its head is in the predators mouth before it looses its best weapon. It retreats, wiping its muzzle, while the uninjured lizard skitters away to safety. Many predators detect prey through movement, so horned lizards have mastered the art of stillness. The resulting derivative works are available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, should anyone find them useful. That means they have to get their mouth around the entire body. Naturally, the Greater Short-Horned Lizard blends in with their environment as they can posses either a yellowish, reddish brown or gray colour (Horned Toad, 2015). Five inches long, with a crown of horns like a dinosaur, the lizard's mottled skin helps it blend into the background. The short-horned lizard is a one-reptile wrecking crew with a bizarre self-defense strategy. Most lizards use this to loosen the especially tight skin of head in when its time for shedding, but lizards that burrow or live in the desert (including horned lizards) use the swelling of the sinuses around their eyes to push bits of grit up and out. So this is what happens when a horned lizard gets harassed: the rings of muscle around their veins shut off blood flow out of the head, pressure builds until blood pools in their sinuses, and their eyes get visibly puffy. No problem, it turns out. As a result, the predator is often Short-horned Lizards will shoot blood from their eyes when threatened by a predator. Its not the most conventional solution to self-defense, but hey, it works for them and they get extra points for turning a predators taste for blood against them. The Pygmy Short-horned Lizard was recently recognized as a separate species. If provoked, some horned lizards can build up blood pressure in regions Nevertheless, the coyote spots it. One day, a horned lizard got attacked by a coyote, stressed out over its shuffle from the mortal coil, bled from the eyeballs, and miraculously was spat out! Large mammals that take the bait often lift the lizard and toss it; the horned lizard then freezes where it lands to make the most of its camouflage. Short-horned Lizard - Animal Diversity Web. Negative oral responses of a non-canid mammalian predator (Bobcat, Lynx rufus; Felidae) to ocular-sinus blood-squirting of Texas and regal horned lizards, Phrynosoma cornutum and Phrynosoma solare. When threatened by a whip snake, the lizard flips onto its back. When threatened, short-horned lizards shoot blood from specialized tear ducts in the corners of their eyes. This protects the lizard from the ants' stings, allowing them to exploit a resource that most animals can't. They only do so after evaluating the danger. They feed primarily on ants, but also take an occasional grasshopper or beetle. The Greater Short-Horned Lizard Squirts Blood Out Of Its Eyes Source: Getty. To be fair, they dont pull that trick out right away, or for just anyone. It does not chew the ants. The Short-Horned Lizard Shoots Blood From Its Eyes Fri, 6th May 2016 at 6:39 am By: Buffalo Monkey Sometimes referred to as the horned toad or horny toad due to its squat, flattened shape and short, blunt snout, the short-horned lizard is found in North and Central America. A horned lizard will not make it easy. A stream of nasty-tasting blood squirts from the lizard's eyes, straight into the coyote's mouth. If that fails, heres where things get dicey for the horned lizard: its next best defense involves its head going inside the predators mouth. Every time. That buys the horned lizard enough time to squirt the ol eye blood directly into the carnivores mouth. She was trained to bark, paw and gently nibble at a horned lizard. These lizards are widely distributed in eastern Montana. If a horned lizard wants to be very sure its not wasting precious blood, they have to be in the predators mouth before they fire. Camouflage is their first line of defence. The blood defense a blood shooting defense that shoot from the corners of the lizards eyes that can scare its predators away. These lizards can also squirt blood from their eyes, which they spray at predators. They can give birth to up to 48 live offspring at a time, To accommodate such a large stomach, ant-eaters need to be stocky. A horned lizard will lap up its food with the tip of its sticky tongue. This exposes a pure white belly, white legs, and the white outline of its spines along its edge which rather resemble teeth. Article was last reviewed on 14th June The round-tailed horned lizard is almost indistinguishable from the rocks it hides in, when it hunches up its back and tucks in its legs. They have small horns pointed outward from the back of their short blunt head. The lizards were not fooled, and mostly ignored his dog impersonation. The horned lizards have other ways of avoiding predation besides shooting blood. But it turns out the ability to create high blood pressure in your head has useful applications, so some reptiles tricked out this feature further with muscles that pinch off the detour as well, sealing off all exits. "They're better at identifying snakes than most people in Tucson," says Sherbrooke. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305612339, Sherbrooke, W. (2008). Being eaten is surely stressful, so it seems likely that the first instances of this defense were inadvertent, just a quirk of high blood pressure. Scientists are looking into the habitat of the Greater Short-horned Lizard to try to remove it from the at risk list. (2005). It might hiss, or puff itself up at little. Their wide abdomens accommodate larger broods than most lizards, so they can give birth to up to 48 live offspring at a time, or lay up to 45 eggs. Introduction to the horned lizards "They don't do it to people. Theres a very good reason for this that violently distracting response canines and felines have to horned lizard blood only happens when the blood hits the tissues of their mouth. Horned lizards mostly rely on camouflage and a freeze response to keep from being noticed by the many, many things that are trying to eat them. Ocular sinus bleeding. Instead, before swallowing, it wraps the ants in strands of thick mucus secreted by special cells at the back of its throat. Compared to some other ornately armored horned lizards, the Pygmy Short-horned Lizard has relatively small horns on its head and body. When threatened, the horned lizard of the southwestern U.S. and Mexico can shoot arcs of blood from their eye sockets. View image of A Texas horned lizard (Phrynosoma cornutum) (Credit: Rolf Nussbaumer/NPL), View image of Round-tailed horned lizards (P. modestum) hide among rocks (Credit: Daniel Heuclin/NPL), View image of A Texas horned lizard strikes a defensive pose (Credit: Daniel Heuclin/NPL), standing still for a whip snake and running from a rattlesnake, View image of Alberta's short-horned lizards puff themselves up (Credit: PREMAPHOTOS/NPL), View image of A regal horned lizard (P. solare) rolls over when threatened (Credit: Daniel Heuclin/NPL), View image of A regal horned lizard (P. solare) shoots blood from its eyes (Credit: John Cancalosi/NPL), View image of Texas horned lizards (Phrynosoma cornutum) are rarely seen (Credit: Rolf Nussbaumer/NPL), The blood is most effective when delivered directly into the mouth, allowing them to exploit a resource that most animals can't, View image of The desert horned lizard (P. platyrhinos) is 13% stomach (Credit: Daniel Heuclin/NPL), it's not unheard-of for a horned lizard to become lodged in the throat or stomach of a bird or snake, killing its attacker. During his travels in Mexico from 1570-1577, Hernandez was fortunate to observe a living horned lizard squirt blood from its Since it was really only worth the blood loss when used on predators that would be repelled, their responses became honed to specific cues. "Individually they don't contribute a lot.". (1966). Hands down. Neither defence works every time, but on average, standing still for a whip snake and running from a rattlesnake are a horned lizard's best bets. Credit: J. Dullum / USFWS Predators include snakes, magpie, ravens, and hawks. "What good does playing dead do when you have a predator trying to eat you?" Short-horned Lizard, adult female with neonates. "They shake their heads, they salivate profusely, and try to clear the material out of their mouths." Short-horned Lizard adults weigh less than a quarter. Journal of Herpetology 42:163171. Horned lizards, genus Phrynosoma, are fascinating, unique and easily recognized animals. They might look like miniature Smaugs, but they need all the help they can get not to end up as dinner. The Southwestern Naturalist,50(2):216222. Falcon Breeders Let Birds Copulate With Their Heads. http://on.natgeo.com/1PPbZGO But only canids and felids like bobcats, are treated to a stream of foul-tasting blood. "Actually," Powell says, "anything that can find one would eat it.". To show that horned lizards can discern dogs from other large predators, Sherbrooke recruited a golden retriever called Dusty. So while an individual horned lizard might succumb to a particularly determined coyote or carnivorous mouse, it has a good chance of passing on its genes before it does. Heath, J. It turns out reptiles dont heat up evenly, though the head warms much faster than the body, and the normal flow of blood keeps the heat from being redistributed. These sharp spines act as defensive weapons against hungry desert predators. The Pygmy Short-horned Lizard has been reported from extreme southwestern Montana, in the Centennial Valley, Beaverhead County (Maxell et al. Snakes swallow their meals whole. The arrangement of the horns along their sides even breaks up the shadows they cast on the ground, like a cloak of invisibility. Responses of Kit Foxes (Vulpes macrotis) to Antipredator Blood-Squirting and Blood of Texas Horned Lizards (Phrynosoma cornutum). It won't bite. Its like packing a hot meal right next to the ice cream by the time you get where youre going, everything is going to be lukewarm. "I've tasted the blood many, many times," says Sherbrooke. "They are short-legged and stubby-bodied," says Larry Powell of the University of Calgary in Alberta, Canada. "I sometimes wonder if the only individuals we get data on are the ones with bad nerves, the ones who run, since if they stay put you probably won't see them.". Besides, horned lizards have one last defence against death: they have lots of babies. With this type of predator, they have to pull out an entirely new set of tricks. They reserve this for two groups of predators: cats and canids, the group that includes dogs, coyotes and wolves. see Image Source for attribution & license information Herpetological Review, [online] 43(3): 386-391. The names come from the lizard's rounded body and blunt snout, which make it resemble a toad or frog (see the picture above). In 2014, P. sherbrookei was named after him. They differ in colour, size and the number and arrangement of horns and spines along their backs. Squirting blood. We know that horned lizards detoxify the ant venom enough that it wont kill them, but the idea not yet proven is that a compound related to that process (either the detoxified venom, or something used to detoxify it) happens to taste really bad to some species. They shake their heads, they salivate profusely, and try to clear the material out of their mouths. Canid Elicitation of Blood-Squirting in a Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma cornutum). The best way to fix this is to force a detour. And at that point, the blood is diluted by everything else the predator is tastingmore effective to give the them a concentrated taste of blood before serious injury could occur. The blood contains a chemical that binds to receptors in the canid's mouth: receptors that humans apparently lack. In contrast, the lizards were less concerned when Sherbrooke tried to mimic Dusty's behaviour. Greater short-horned lizards prefer sagebrush, short grass and prairie. Short Horned Lizard Fast Fact: The short horned lizard is able to squirt blood from their eyes up to a distance of 1 m (3 feet). They mostly eat ants, and many eat highly venomous harvester ants. Copeia,2004(3), 652- 658. Chances are, it began as a (happy) freak accident. Some scientists suggest they are playing dead, but Sherbrooke disagrees. The technique works. Its horns may make it less palatable. Heath (1966) Fig 5 served as the template for the schematics of the major vessels. (Theres a moral to be had here about playing with your food). 2008. Even with better aim, hitting the eyes is completely ineffective; squirting blood up their nose has a delayed response, probably due to the time it takes for the blood to drain through their sinuses into their mouth. Wade Sherbrooke of the American Museum of Natural History, based in Tucson, Arizona, has spent almost four decades trying to understand how horned lizards think. "I got down on all fours and I barked, used my front 'paws' to paw her, but I didn't bite," he says. If youre a cold-blooded animal, warming yourself up after sunrise is step one to getting on with your day. The process is quite simple. Meanwhile, a grasshopper mouse will prefer to nibble, zombie-style, through the skull to get to the brains. Watch: When threatened by predators, the short-horned lizard employs a uniqueand terrifyingdefense tactic. What's more, eye muscles regulate when and in which direction to shoot, and that's truly astonishing. The lizards probably get the unpleasant chemical in their blood from their food. If the predator crushes their skull or rips their head off, its game over, but the horns on their heads usually keep a predator from biting down too hard. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/30152764, Middendorf, G., & Sherbrooke, W. (1992). see Image Source for attribution & license informationBlood continues pumping into the head, but temporarily gets trapped there, causing pressure to build and tissue to swell. Some species mimic inedible objects.

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